Indeed, by 1916, many perceived the "shell shock" of the War to be a casualty epidemic. He has been awarded a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship and twice won UT’s teaching award.He also has produced seven taped lecture courses with The Great Courses company, available on CD/DVD/download, on topics including the First World War, dictatorships, diplomacy, Eastern Europe, espionage, exploration, and turning points of modern history.Īnnessa Stagner CONFRONTING THE SHELL SHOCK OF WARĪlthough medical personnel were already well aware of mental and neurological injuries commonly referred to as "shell shock," 1916 marked a turning point in which nations and militaries were forced to confront the destruction the War was causing on human minds. He is vice-president of the Association for the Study of Nationalities and past president of the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies. He has published articles which have also appeared in translation (in Italian, French, and German, including in Germany’s main news magazine, Der Spiegel). He is the author of War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in World War I (Cambridge University Press, 2000), which also appeared in German translation, and The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2009). A native of Chicago, Illinois, he earned his doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania and has taught at UT since 1995. He specializes in modern European history, with a focus on modern Germany and diplomatic history. Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius is the Director of the Center for the Study of War and Society and a professor of History at the University of Tennessee and Lindsay Young Professor in the College of Arts and Sciences.
Behind the fighting front, 1916 stored up potential for the clash of radically different visions of the future in Eastern Europe. Under the pressure of total war's demands, economic exploitation increased and hit the occupied territories with severity. German attempts to coopt Polish nationalism with the promise of a new Kingdom of Poland failed. Yet the occupation regime encountered growing ethnic tension and political demands. The military colony along the Baltic, called Ober Ost, rushed to realize an authoritarian model of modernity and forced development, outlined by the technocrat of total war, General Erich Ludendorff. The year 1916 was marked by accelerating contradictions in German-occupied Eastern Europe. Liulevicius BUILDING CRISIS IN 1916 BEHIND THE EASTERN FRONT Watch the 2016 Symposium presentations on YouTube Throughout the year the warring nations kept a wary eye on the United States, where pacifism competed with preparedness and President Wilson won another term because “he kept us out of war.” Explore the pivotal year of 1916, where global socio-political tensions created by World War I continued escalation and irrevocably changed the economic, military, and cultural landscape of the world.
In the North Sea, for the first and only time in the war, the British and German battle fleets clashed. Great Britain and France redrew the map of the Middle East despite suffering repeated defeats there. Nations no longer sought to prevail by brilliant strategic assaults, resorting to bloody battles of attrition on the Western Front at Verdun and the Somme and on the Eastern Front in the Brusilov Offensive. Confronting the reality of total war and grimly determined to see it through, 1916 was the year of great battles. Two years into the World War, both Allied and Central Powers suffered devastating military and civilian losses.
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